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These are devices that exhibit the property that resistance drops sharply at a certain threshold voltage. The major advantage of these is that they can dissipate a lot of energy, and they self-reset; after the voltage across the device drops below the threshold, its resistance returns to being high. This makes them ideal for surge-protection applications; as there is control over the threshold voltage and energy tolerance, they find use in all sorts of applications. The best demonstration of their ability can be found in electrical substations, where they are employed to protect the infrastructure from lightning strikes. They have rapid response, are low maintenance, and do not appreciably degrade from use, making them virtually ideal devices for this application. When various gases are passed over a polycrystalline ceramic, its electrical resistance changes.

Al2O3 particles are separated at 1100°C by hydrolyzing process from the sodium aluminate particles. Alumina allows it to be used for a wide range of applications due to its high hardness, capability of operating at elevated temperatures, and strong electrical insulation (Dinaharan, 2016; Su et al., 2012). Although the NDT technology of ceramic products has made great progress, due to the particularity of the structure and process of ceramic products, there has not been much breakthrough in some key areas. Thus, the accurate and effective NDT technique is fundamentally important to guarantee the quality of ceramics.

MMCs have a wide variety of benefits over monolithic alloys including high strength, elastic modulus, stiffness, creep resistance, reduced density, and low strength-to-weight ratio making them efficient structural materials. But over the last few decades, their large production price has confined the usage of MMCs (Vencl et al., 2010; Ravindran et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2017). However, cost-effective and industrial residue particles such as fly ash, rice husk ash, bamboo ash, coconut shell ash, etc., have been developed to widen the MMC׳s applications (Selvam et al., 2013). The ceramic fibers possess excellent physical and mechanical properties (e.g., high alumina ceramic -strength and high-modulus properties). Due to their strong resistance to very high temperatures, these fibers had found usage in the aerospace and rocket industry in manufacturing objects, which are able to sustain the high level of physical and mechanical load [8].

They enable the seamless operation of devices and infrastructures, contributing to the betterment of our daily lives. Examples of how these ceramics are leveraged in everyday life include Alumina in spark plug insulators, Zirconia in knife blades and Carbides in seal rings for high pressure oil and gas transmission lines. Ceramic materials are essentially rigid materials that are inherently resistant to heat and pressure. Contact Steelceram if you are looking for high performance ceramic solutions.

In addition, it promotes bone synthesis and the regeneration of bone tissue, but its major drawback is the relatively low mechanical strength [34]. The Weibull’s modulus belongs to the value range of 5–18, which indicates that hydroxyapatite behaves like a typical brittle ceramic, and the Young’s modulus ranges between 35–120 MPa. The low strengths combined with the susceptibility to slow crack growth (especially in wet conditions) confirm the low-load reliability of dense hydroxyapatite implants [35].

A growing interest in creating advanced biomaterials with specific physical and chemical properties is currently being observed. These high-standard materials must be capable to integrate into biological environments such as the oral cavity or other anatomical regions in the human body. Given these requirements, ceramic biomaterials offer a feasible solution in terms of mechanical strength, biological functionality, and biocompatibility.